Before recommending compass survey for any area, it must be ascertained that area is not magnetically disturbed. It should be noted that plotting triangles requires no angular measurements to be made, if the three sides are known. Tie line a survey line that connects a point to other surveyed lines. Since the accuracy of the whole survey work depends upon the accuracy of the base line, it should be laid off on the ground level as much as possible. Study the contract plans, special provisions, standard plans, standard specifications, the plan quantities, construction manual, and.
Surveying made easy gate handwritten classroom notes pdf download. There are two main types of stations namely main station and subsidiary or tie station. Total station a survey instrument that combines a theodolite and distance meter. Subsidiary or the tie stations are the points selected on the main survey lines, where it is necessary to locate the interior detail such as fences, hedges, building etc. Feb 05, 2020 procedure of field work chain surveying, surveying and levelling agricultural engineering notes edurev is made by best teachers of agricultural engineering. Chain survey method for performing chain surveying how to. Surveyors chain, also called gunters chain, measuring device and arbitrary measurement unit still widely used for surveying in englishspeaking countries.
Aug 29, 2015 linear measurements refer to horizontal distances measured by chain or tape. They may also occur at any convenient position on the chain line. Still, along with these new tools, foresters also depend on timetested techniques to reconstruct forest boundaries. A tie line joints two fixed points on the main survey lines. Oct 16, 2016 offsets and ties are simple survey techniques that require two people to make the measurements. Although i performed chain surveying in college nearly 50 years ago and very little since, ill tell you what i remember of the process.
When selecting the station positions you need to consider the following. Recent developments in surveying technology have made many methods obsolete. Standard surveying terms clinton county gis department. Ensure each point is securely fixed, as it will be pulled on by the tape measure. From the recorded measurements of the building area is plotted. Layout survey involves marking on the ground using wood stakes, iron bars, aluminum and concrete monuments, nails, spikes, etc.
Measure the points which are very far away from the main chain lines from tie line i. Civil engineering surveying online test series, civil. Chain surveying is actually done with a 100 steel tape that has a temperature correction at the zero end of the tape. Tie lines are obtained by joining two fixed points on. Angular measurements refer to the magnetic bearing or horizontal angle taken by a prismatic compass or theodolite. No need to wait for office hours or assignments to be graded to find out where you took a wrong turn.
Procedure of field work chain surveying, surveying and. These are also subsidiary stations taken on the main survey lines to locate the details of the object. Each leg of the project control survey between adjacent pairs of tgrn tie points shall be considered and adjusted independently. What are chain corrections and state the formulaes. Chain surveying is best used for smaller planes with few details. Now offsets like building, trees, electric posts etc. These are points selected on the main survey lines, where it is necessary to locate the interior details such as fences, hedges, buildings etc. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations. Traverse surveying definition, types, methods, checks. What is chain surveying principles, procedure, method, instrument. Tie line joins two fixed points on main survey lines and it checks the accuracy of surveyinf as well as it helps in showing the details of the surveyed field.
Survey stations main stations subsidiary or tie station. Surveying civil engineering questions and answers page 2. Surveying principles and methods in civil engineering surveying is the process of determining relative positions of different objects on the surface of the earth by measuring horizontal distances between them and preparing a map to any suitable scale. Blaze a mark or marks on a tree trunk for marking a survey point or boundary point or line boundary see property line break tape to make a horizontal measurement, usually while measuring up or down a slope, by using less than the full length of a tape calledfor a monument or other evidence called out in a conveyance chain a distance of 66 ft. In chain surveying the sides of the triangles which should be well conditioned. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of. Traverse surveying is a popular method of surveying.
Jan 25, 2017 in chain surveying, the positions of main stations and directions of main survey lines are fixed by tie lines and check lines. Here, the tie lines and check lines control the accuracy of work. It helps in checking the accuracy of surveying and to locate the interior details. The first step for both methods is to set out a tape measure through the centre of the area to be recorded, this is called a baseline tape baseline a. It measures a series of straight lines on the ground with a chain or tape measure and all fixed points relative to the line of traverse either by right angles offsets or tie lines. The branch of surveying in which directions of survey lines are determined by a compass and their lengths by chain or tape directly on the surface of the earth, is called compass surveying. Surveying, civil engineering multiple choice questions objective type questions, mcqs, with question and answers, download free pdf, civil engineering, multiple choice questions, objective type questions, civil engineering short notes, rapid fire notes, best theory.
Check line joins the apex of main triangle with any fixed point on other two sides of triangles. The lines joining the main stations are called the main survey line or the chain lines. It helps to check the accuracy of surveying and to locate the interior details. Since triangle is the only figure that can be plotted with measurement of sides only, in chain surveying the area to be surveyed should be covered with a network of triangles. Traversing is that type of survey in which a number of connected survey lines form the framework and the. Offsets to corner points b, c, e and f are now laid from the chain line ad either by tape or crossstaff and their foot of. All tgrn tie points control pairs and project control traverse points shall be clearly. Makes an ideal drag chain for rough surveying measurements.
The angle of offset from a point on a chain line is 900 ii. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil. Stations taken along the boundary of an area as controlling points known as main stations. The last method isnt accurate over long distances as the string line will dip in the middle. Surveyor swings the tape on chain line and selects the point on chain where offset distance is the least fig. This is the civil engineering questions and answers section on surveying with explanation for various interview, competitive examination and entrance test. The stations are denoted by with letters t1, t2, t3, etc.
The necessary requirements for field work are chain, tape, ranging rod, arrows and. Main stations are the end of lines that determine the boundary of the surveying. It is the most important line, fixes up the directions of all other lines. A survey station is a point of importance at the beginning and end of a chain line. Lines joining the tie stations are known as tie lines. For most chain surveying, we use tie lines and offsets, with offsets being most common.
Note that the carbon marker is beveled and the long side of the rod is placed adjacent to the tooth and the. Before plotting the details of chain survey on a drawing paper, a suitable scale should be chosen first because drawings are prepared to a reduced scale. The chain lines joining the tie stations or subsidiary stations are called as tie or subsidiary lines. Simply, chainage is nothing except the measurement using the chain. Chain tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. Then tie lines and check lines are drawn and checked the accuracy of the work. These include using tie lines, offsets, and if using an angle measuring instrument, bearing and distance radiation or intersection. Tie stations are points which are specified on the chain line main survey lines where it is required to identify. This was a position of some responsibility, and the chain carriers took an oath as sworn chain carriers that they would do their job properly. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors.
These lines help in locating the interior details which are far away from the main survey lines. The measurements which are not made at right angles to the survey lines are called tie line offsets or oblique offsets. Unlike static pdf surveying with construction applications 8th edition solution manuals or printed answer keys, our experts show you how to solve each problem stepbystep. What is surveying its principles, classifications and types. Aug 20, 2017 lines joining the tie stations are known as tie lines. Surveying, level, leveling, civil engineering, site. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and. Linear measurements surveying scientific observation. In chain survey, only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as. This article includes the definition of chain survey along with all detailed information with necessary images about various aspects of chain surveying. The triangle is first plotted from its known sides according to a suitable reduce scale. It is run to take the interior details which are far away from the main lines and also. A tie line joints, fixed points on the main survey lines.
A line joining tie stations is termed as a tie line. Method of setting offset to the chain line chain surveying principles have so far. Feb 11, 2017 operations involved in chain surveying various operations involved in the process of chain surveying are as follows. Numbers are graduated from the strap handle upward to the end of the rope.
In this method, the lengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured by offsets and ties from these lines. The position of each tie line should be close to some features, such as paths, building etc. Chapter 15 construction survey procedures 1501 general in performing construction surveying, preparation is a major part of the operation. If carefully done, it gives quite accurate results. Pdf key points on chain surveying araen shinge academia. Here, by the word chain i actually mean to series i. In this method the lengths of lines marked on the field are measured, while the details are measured by offsets from these line. Lay a tape measure between the two points, ensure that the tape is at the correct tension. Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and their. It is the art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines, of determining the direction of lines, and of establishing points by predetermined angular and linear measurements. Invented by the english mathematician edmund gunter in the early 17th century, gunters chain is exactly 22 yards about 20 m long and divided into 100 links.
Jun 16, 2015 chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. There are two major types of stations in chain surveying. This article includes the definition of traverse surveying along with its classification, errors in traversing, checks, the completed method of traversing and plotting of traverse survey. These stations are also subsidiary stations taken on the main survey lines. Atie line is that line which joins some fixed points called stations on the main survey lines. Lesson 2 chain surveying free download as pdf file. Early twolane roads were laid out with a chain, resulting in a 66ft. Control survey used to reference both preliminary and layout surveys. It helps to checking the accuracy of surveying and to locate the interior details. Example property line, engineering works roads, pipelines, bridges. Chapter 3 surveying equipment, measurements and errors 3. In this survey only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. Civil engineering online mock test for civil engineering surveying topic.
The first person holds together, between thumb and finger, the zero mark and the 12 metre mark of the tape. Various article about different surveying issue are discussed here. Differentiate between check line and tie line in chain. Proper care in the use, storage, transportation and adjustment of the equipment is a major factor in the successful completion of a survey. For this follower holds the zero ends of the chain and the leader drags the chain to an intermediate point on. Chain surveying, principle of chain surveying, surveying stations, base line, check line, tie line offsets, oblique offsets, booking field notes, field works. It is the method of surveying in which the area is divided into network of triangles and the sides of the various triangles are measured directly in the field with chain or tape and no angular measurements are taken. Main stations are the ends of the lines which command the boundary of the survey, and the lines joining the main stations are called main survey or chain lines. It is main and longest line, which usually passes approximately through the center of the field. In surveying,chainage is the measurement of horizon. An offset is the lateral distance of an object or ground feature measured from a survey line. In this case ad is the longest and a chain line running from a to d is laid.
The chain surveying is the most commonly used surveying for quick and short measurements. Chain surveying and terms used in chain surveying youtube. At least one base line, ideally a long straight line, to develop the framework survey lines to form wellconditioned triangles survey lines as close as possible to boundaries, features etc. Chain carrier an assistant to the surveyor, the chain carriers moved the surveying chain from one location to another under the direction of the surveyor.
Chain surveying chain tape surveying is the simplest form of detail surveying. Use a spirit level to make sure your string line is level and measure the difference in height as also shown in green on the close up of figure 7 below. Referring to the triangle again, finding point a by measuring x and y from c and b where z is known. Set up two control points on site, through the middle of the area to be recorded ensuring a clear line of sight between them. Offsets and ties are simple survey techniques that require two people to make the measurements. In chain survey only measurements are taken in the field, and the rest work, such as plotting calculation etc. This is most suitable adapted to small plane areas with very few details. J line diagram showing the skeleton of survey and the page index.
Chain surveying is considered to be the simplest method of surveying in which measurements are taken in. Chain surveys require a chain, tape, ranging rods, arrows and a timecross staff. When counting out long lines, the chain carriers would put a stake at the end of a chain, move the chain and put a stake at the end, and so on until they ran out of ten stakes. Surveying is an art of determining the relative positions of various points on, above or below the surface of the earth by means of direct or indirect measurement of distance, direction and elevation. A chain survey involves the direct measurement of horizontal length and the principle of triliteration. This document is highly rated by agricultural engineering students and has been viewed 46 times. Tie stations are points which are specified on the chain line main survey lines where it is required to identify interior details like buildings and fences. Instruments for settingout right angles staffs and optical square, right angle with chain and tape, obstacles in chaining, cross staff survey plotting of chain survey. Point a is the starting point of chain line chainage of point v, b, d are measured from point a. In chain surveying, the positions of main stations and directions of main survey lines are fixed by tie lines and check lines. The first step for both methods is to set out a tape measure through the centre of the area to be recorded, this is called a baseline tape baseline.
This is a discussion of this in chapter 2 of the text, together with some examples of how you do it and how you record it. Main stations make up the boundaries of the survey and are located at the end of each line, called main survey lines or chain lines. Chain surveying definition, details, procedure civil engineering. Principles and methods of surveying in civil engineering. The lines joining the main stations are called main survey lines. The longest chain line in chain surveying is often called the base line. In the absence of existing retaining walls, run a taut string line or tape measure down the garden. The lines joining the main stations are called main survey lines or chain lines in fig.
Topography for the preliminary survey is defined as all manmade or physical objects in or adjacent to the highway corridor that would normally be shown on plans. Solved examples with detailed answer description, explanation are given and it would be easy to understand page 2. Apr 12, 2019 the civil engineering full online mock test paper is free for all students and very helpful for exam preparation. In chain surveying only linear measurements are made i. Chain surveysurveying is a very old method of surveying.
Chain survey procedure, applicability, survey stations and their selection. In chain surveying the sides of the triangles are measured directly on the field by chain or tape, and no angular measurements are taken. Chain surveying, it is a method of surveying in which no angles are measured but only linear measurement is taken in the field by using a chain or tape measure. Inspecting the line of sight 22 inspecting the edm of the total station 23 instrument errors in the total station 24 simple surveying tasks 26 aligning from the midpoint 26 measuring slopes 27 measuring rightangles 28 applications programs 29 calculating areas 29 staking out 30 remote heights 31 tie distances 32 freestation surveys 33. The survey should include such items as existing fencing, roads, buildings, power lines, land features, waterways, railroads, pipes, utilities, etc.